Adjectives and Adverbs A Guide to Usage

Adjectives and adverbs are parts of speech and are used to provide additional information about other words. Adjectives and adverbs are also known as content words because they provide important information in sentences. Sometimes students are not sure when to use an adverb or an adjective. This short guide provides an overview and rules for using both adjectives and adverbs. Adjectives Adjectives modify nouns and can be used a few different ways in a sentence. In their simplest form, they are placed directly before a noun: Tom is an  excellent  singer.I bought a  comfortable  chair.Shes thinking about buying a  new  house. Adjectives are also used in simple sentences with the verb to be. In this case, the adjective describes the subject of the sentence: Jack is happy.Peter was very tired.Maryll be excited when you tell her. Adjectives are used with sense verbs or verbs of  appearance (feel, taste, smell, sound, appear and seem) to modify the noun which comes before the verb: The fish tasted awful.Did you see Peter? He seemed very upset.Im afraid the meat smelled rotten. Adverbs Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or  other adverbs. They are easily recognized because they end in ly. They are often used at the end of a sentence to modify the verb: Jack drove carelessly.Tom played the match effortlessly.Jason complained about his classes constantly. Adverbs are used to modify adjectives: They seemed extremely satisfied.She paid increasingly high prices. Adverbs are also used to modify other adverbs: The people in the line moved incredibly quickly.She wrote the report unusually neatly. Confusing Adjectives and Adverbs As you may have noticed, adverbs often end in ly. In fact, you can often change an adjective into an adverb by simply adding ly. (For example: slow/slowly, careful/carefully, patient/patiently.) However, there are a number of adjectives that also end in ly, which can be confusing. For example: It was a chilly afternoon in the country.Alice has curly red hair.There are many friendly people in Portland.What a lovely surprise to see you again! Adjectives and Adverbs With the Same Form There are a number of adjectives and adverbs that have the same form, which can confuse non-native English speakers. The two most common are hard  and fast.  Other words that can function as both adverbs and adjectives include easy, fair, and just.   Adjective:  She had a hard time at school.Adverb:  She works very hard at her job.Adjective:  He said it was an easy test.  Adverb:  Please take it easy and relax.  Adjective:  He is a just man.Adverb:  I just missed the bus.

What Would Financial Statements Look Like if There Were No Accounting Essay

Essays on What Would Financial Statements Look Like if There Were No Accounting Standards Essay The paper "What Would Financial Statements Look Like if There Were No Accounting Standards?" is an outstanding example of an essay on finance and accounting. Accounting frameworks is a tool that aids accountants with rule and regulations that governs them to report and record financial information (Drury, 14). Bodies are known as International Accounting Standard (IASB) and Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) set the accounting standards (Riahi-Belkaoui, 86). Each body set the objectives that govern their accounting principles. The FASB outlines its mandate as general accounting principles (GAAP) as its core principle. The qualities of GAAP include relevance and reliability. That ensures all the information provided for the accounting is truthful and is able to be verified can be compared among different companies (Riahi-Belkaoui, 23). The IASB outline IFRS (International financial reporting standards) to be applied to many countries internationally. IFRS has its set rules an d guidelines in its accounting framework principles: that is constant item purchasing power and historical cost (Benston, 52). Historical cost is the cost a company is required to pay for the previous period item and the constant item purchasing power makes sure the company should not be involved in the maintenance of financial capital, which would otherwise give a false account of financial accounting data in times of rapid inflation (Riahi-Belkaoui, 71). A country’s law determines the company’s selection of accounting framework methods.Accounting standards and IFRS ensure the accounting practices are transparent and it also facilitates its convergence. Transparency and convergence ensure the smooth flow of capital in the international market (Benston, 25). This makes it conducive for various stakeholders to compare the performance of their business to other international companies and hence it makes it cheaper to raise capital from other investors (Riahi-Belkaoui, 12 1). The IFRS ensures a business is not restricted from the scope of national-level accounting standards. In IFRS compliant countries reports arising from financial are used without fear of preparing alternatives set of financial reports when doing business in other countries (Riahi-Belkaoui, 136). The other benefit includes a standard-setting that is generalized.   IFRS ensures a plain level ground by ensuring flexibilities in both predictable and unpredictable global market trends (Warren et al., 41). The business can choose a presentation that suits the financial reports of its users (Benston, 111). The last benefit ensures financial reporting is enhanced. IFRS makes sure the accounting standards' objectives and principles are not compromised and therefore the quality of financial reports is enhanced. The investor’s confidence in a business is usually boosted by quality financial reports (Drury, 90).The limitations of accounting standard is that small business has to adap t to the new system from their initial accounting system hence they have to incur costs to change to the new system. Even with the standardization of accounting systems across countries, varied laws and regulations hamper the coherent financial statement in various countries (Riahi-Belkaoui, 171).In conclusion, the accounting standard development has made it possible for all stakeholders to conduct their business on a level plain field that has been brought about by a generalized standard-setting financial framework (Drury, 95). In my opinion, IFRS for Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) should be adopted to accommodate small businesses.

Voluntary Euthanasia Should Be Allowed Free Essays

Human euthanasia has been a disputable issue over the years. Euthanasia, the act of killing someone painlessly which will directly decide one’s death, is inevitably controversial. Arguments opposing euthanasia usually includes that it is a kind of murder, which can never be allowed. We will write a custom essay sample on Voluntary Euthanasia Should Be Allowed or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, euthanasia is not bound to be murder, for it can be categorized into various forms, including passive, active, voluntary and involuntary ones (Bonin, 2012). Among them, voluntary euthanasia is obviously not murder. Voluntary euthanasia, which can be defined as a terminally ill person choosing to end his own life when suffers from severe pain but is mentally competent, should reasonably be legalized. In this essay, two reasons supporting the voluntary euthanasia will be given and two counter arguments will be refuted. Two reasons of why voluntary euthanasia should be legalized can be recognized. Firstly, dying peacefully with dignity is the best choice for the suffering incurables. The person conducted voluntary euthanasia is guaranteed to be terminally ill, which means that he is sure to die soon and can only choose the way to die, the way in extremely pain or the painless way. It is usually better for him to choose to die painlessly. Allowing a person to die peacefully without pain is to respect his life, and he can still keep his last dignity. Otherwise if it is illegal to have voluntary euthanasia, the patient can only be tortured by the insufferable pain, struggling to breathe, wishing to have an immediate relief but still have to wait for a sorrowful death. Secondly, the decision of the patient should be respected. According to the definition, the patient who can be conducted the voluntary euthanasia is mentally competent, which means that he can make his own rational decisions (Chand, 2009). The patient is responsible for his own life, and the decision about death must have been considered seriously. Nobody wants to die if the pain is not extremely unbearable, so when he chooses to die, it means that this choice is certainly the only one he can bear. In such cases, nobody except the patient himself can feel how sorrowful he is to live, and how eager he wants to die. How can people decide for someone when they know nothing about the situation he is in? Thus, nobody can decide whether he should live on or not except the patient himself. The decision of the patient is the only one that counts and matters. If the decision of giving up the treatment can be expected and allowed, why cannot voluntary euthanasia be? There are some counterarguments on this issue which oppose voluntary euthanasia. Firstly, some people claim that doctors should not inflict death (Somerville, 2010). However, when considering voluntary euthanasia, it is not to â€Å"inflict† death, but to make death more bearable when the death is inevitable. It is true that doctors are for healing instead of killing, but when there is no more possibility to heal anymore, to relieve the patients’ pain maybe more meaningful for a doctor as well as for the patients. Secondly, some opponents quoted from the constitution of the USA, which says that everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person (Bonin, 2012). They argue that even if the patient is terminally ill, his right to life should still be protected and he can only die naturally. However, these people forget that the right to life does not mean that a person should be forced to live, even when he suffers from unbearable pain and has no hope to recover. The right to life means that a person has the right to choose the way of the life, including the death. For other forms of euthanasia, such as the involuntary euthanasia, the patient’s right to life may be damaged as the decision of euthanasia may not be made by the patient. However, as for voluntary euthanasia, it is the patient himself who chooses to live or die, which depends only on his own decision. Thus, voluntary euthanasia does not do damages to the patient’s rights. Instead, the legalization of voluntary euthanasia will be beneficial for patients to exercise their â€Å"right to life† better. In conclusion, voluntary euthanasia is suitable to be legalized, because of the dignity of the patients and the respect towards the patients’ own decisions. The legalization of voluntary euthanasia will neither damage people’s rights, nor hurt the doctors. It is fairly reasonable to make it legalized. References: Bonin, A. (2012). Human Euthanasia, The Debate: The Arguments for Both Sides. Retrieved on March 10th, 2013, from http://www. examiner. com/article/human-euthanasia-the-debate-the-arguments-for-both-sides Chand, K. (2009). Why we should make euthanasia legal. Retrieved on March 13th, 2013, from http://www. guardian. co. uk/society/joepublic/2009/jul/01/euthanasia-assisted-s How to cite Voluntary Euthanasia Should Be Allowed, Papers

Coaching and mentoring free essay sample

Historical studies came into their own following the immense political and social upheavals associated with the French Revolution (1789-1815). The French Revolution represented a massive break with the past and, paradoxically, made people much more â€Å"history-conscious† than ever before. Thus, it was in the nineteenth century that history became the â€Å"Queen of the Sciences† and earned a permanent place in the academy. The man responsible for elevating the study of history to a new plateau was the German historian Leopold von Ranke (1795-1886). Ranke’s contribution were threefold: (1) he played a leading role in establishing history as a respected discipline in the universities, (2) he firmly established the notion that all sound history must be based on primary sources and a rigorous methodology, and (3) he reflected the broader nineteenth-century attempt to define the concept of â€Å"historical-mindedness†. This essay seeks to analyse Leopold von Ranke’s contribution to the study of history. Syracuse University has long nourished a special memory of the great nineteenth century German historian, Leopold von Ranke, the father of modem history. Ranke is to historians what Darwin is to biologists and Freud to psychologists, the revered author of the disciplines methods and the presiding personality from an age when science promised so much for the betterment of humanity. During the last century earnest American students who hoped to elevate American intellectual life to European standards flocked in particular to Germany so that they might come into contact with the most advanced learning. The German influence, in fact, decidedly altered American education from garten fur kinder (kinder-garten) to post graduate professional training The German historian Leopold von Ranke was born in Germany in 1795. His first major work, History of the Latin and Teutonic nations, 1494-1535, was published late in 1824. This was based on archival research, viewed by Ranke as the foundation of all historical work, and it established his reputation as a historian. The most influential part of the work was its appendix in which he assessed previous literature on the basis of the critical analysis of sources. For him, this was scholarly history. It was in the preface to his work that he stated his often quoted dictum, that he was writing history as it had actually occurred,’wie es eigentlich gewesen’. He argued that  historians should disregard sources such as personal memoirs and texts written after the event they focus on, and base their findings solely on contemporary, or primary sources. These, he advocated, should be scrutinized and criticized so historians are in the best possible position to reconstruct historic al events. Due to the success of his work, Ranke was appointed Professor of History at the University of Berlin. Ranke went abroad late in 1827 and remained away for over three years, researching in Vienna, Florence, Rome and Venice. He had personal connections that he put to good use to secure access to previously closed archives. The following years were marked with publications mainly on the history of the Mediterranean countries and Germany. Particularly noteworthy are the conspiracy against Venice (1831), History of the popes (1834-36), History of Germany during the Reformation (1839-47) and the History of Prussia (1847-8). Furthermore, Ranke trained the first generation of ‘modern professional historians’ at Berlin, including Georg Waitz and Jakob Burckhardt. King Maximilian II of Bavaria was inspired by him to establish a Historical Commission within the Bavarian academy of Sciences to which Ranke was appointed as chairman in 1815. During his later years Ranke wrote national histories for each of the major states of Europe, including his History of France (1852-61), History of England (1859-68) and The German powers and the Princes ‘league (1871). As Ranke’s reputation continued to grow, he was awarded many honours: he was granted entry to the hereditary nobility, adding ‘von’ to his surname in 1865 and he was made an honorary citizen of Berlin in 1885. Ranke’s university career concluded in 1871 when he retired from his chair at Berlin. Nonetheless by the time of his death in Berlin in 1886, he had completed nine volumes of his Universal history . Leopold von Ranke endeavored to understand political order within its own historical context. To understand the nature of historical phenomena, such as institution or an idea, one had to consider its historical development and the changes it underwent over a period of time. Historical epochs, Ranke argued, should not be judged according to predetermined contemporary values or ideas. Rather, they had to be understood on their own terms by empirically establishing history ‘as things really were’. Ranke emphasized both ‘individuality’ and ‘development’ in history. Each historical phenomenon, epoch and event had its own individuality and it was the task of  the historian to establish its essence. According to Ranke, one should not make moral judgment on past individuals and past cultures but try to understand them on their own terms. To do this, historians had to immense themselves in the epoch and assess it in a manner appropriate for that time. They had, in Ranke’s words, ‘to extinguish’ their own personality . Furthermore, Ranke was convinced in all his work that there was meaning and coherence in history and that the established political institutions embodied moral forces, yet he rejected the reduction of history to a grand scheme . In Ranke’s opinion, the historian had to proceed from the particular or the individual to the general, not the reverse, and it was the particular that opened the path to an understanding of the great moral forces manifest in history. With his seminar program at the University of Berlin, Ranke set a model for training historians in systematic, critical research methods, which was copied throughout the world as history became a professional discipline. Ranke made important contributions to the emergence of modern history and is generally recognized as the father of the ‘scientific’ historical school of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Due to him, methodical principles of archival research and source criticism became commonplace in academic institutions. Despite being described by many scholars of the twentieth century as a historian only dealing with political history and history of great powers, Ranke actually dealt with cultural history as well. In many of his works cultural history may be only mentioned briefly, but in some cases Ranke dedicated a full chapter to the history of literature. For example in his History of England, one can find a full chapter on the literature during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. it covers nearly 20 pages. In an eighty-five page article from 1835 Ranke dealt only with the history of Italian literature. Ranke wrote not only on German history, but the history of a number of states in the nineteenth-century Europe. His historical writing created an awareness of their own history in a number of states, like in Ireland, Serbia and Germany, and an international network of historians developed. The network consisted on many European scholars, societies and associations and included personal connections, presentations and exchange off journals. This network is also evidence for the exchange of information amongst scholars within Europe. As long as the sources were indicated, Ranke preferred the free exchange of  information because it was only in that way that history could continue to develop. Rankean exercises, which during the nineteenth century were institutionalized in historical seminars, offered an alternative venue for the training of students. As the discipline globalized, such seminars were established across the world. If history students seldom were working in archives, they acquired their disciplinary identity as archival researchers, including the philological preference for written texts, through these seminars. The â€Å"function† of the modern history professor, Jameson explained in 1902, was â€Å"in writing or causing young men to write, or in showing them how others have written, and how they themselves might write†. When Frederick Jackson Turner started teaching historical seminars in Madison, Wisconsin in the 1890s, he adopted the motto that â€Å"all history is comment on atext.† In France, Charles-Victor Langlois and Charles Seignobos opened their 1898 methodological textbook, intended for students in historical seminars, with this declaration: â€Å"History is done with documents†. Lacking documents, the history of immense periods of the past of humankind is forever unknowable. For nothing can replace documents: no documents, no history. Ranke believed that there is no place or room for the historian’s own opinion in historical writing. If we want to establish, ‘how things really were’, we have to view and analyse the time period and how issues were viewed at that time. It is and continues to be true that ‘history will always be rewritten,’ as Ranke wrote into his diary in the 1840s . History should never be viewed from one-side. In his Epochs about the Modern History Ranke noted: ‘The truth lies possibly in the middle. Baur analysed how critics from the left and right dealt with Ranke and he came to the conclusion that ‘whoever misuses history to satisfy ideological needs can never accept Ranke’s histories, critical source- based science, and its autonomous movements’. As much as possible, we should try not to let ourselves get carried away with today’s views or ideological ideas. After all, if we believe what Ranke said, we are indeed a product of th e historical moment in which we live. Although he made a huge impact on nineteenth and twentieth-century historiography and many of his books became and remained standard works, Ranke’s methods and theories have proved to be controversial. For instance, in 1980 A.G Dickens investigated Ranke as a Reformation historian. He analyzed Ranke’s personal connection with religion before discussing Ranke’s History of the Reformation in Germany and the Peasant’s Revolt of 1524-25. Dickens compared Ranke with a number of other historians and pointed out that Ranke simply copied earlier works on the reformation. On Ranke’s career, Dickens wrote that ‘the general direction of his early progress was from the airy-fairy to the nitty-gritty’. Dickens concluded that ‘a good deal has been written concerning Ranke’s philosophy of history, but personally I cannot see that he possessed any mental contraption which deserved so grandiose a title’. Many scholars have written on Ranke and analyzed his understanding of history. The meaning of Ranke’s aim to study the past â€Å"from what actually happened† has been the subject of much debate among historians. Historians, Ranke claimed, should stick to the facts and there should be no evidence of their views and commitments in their writing. It is only when they remove all trace of themselves that they can revive the past. More recent commentators such as Iggers have argued that such a translation is not accurate because it does not reveal Ranke’s ‘idealistic’ conception of history. He pointed out that the term ‘eigntlich’ does not only mean ‘actually’ but also ‘essentially’ or ‘characteristically’. The translation of Ranke’s quotation into English has its problems. One thing is certain, however, Ranke’s famous sentence is a conscious formula that contains a very complex meaning. The word ‘blob’ shows Ranke’s modesty while the word ‘eigentlich’ touches on issues like ‘truth’ and ‘the greatest good’. The translation ‘happened’ describes an event or condition; it does not describe a development. The usual translation ‘how it really was’ is too short and does not describe what Ranke intended to say. As a more correct translation, I would suggest ‘how things really were’. Finally, it is clear that Ranke’s historical approach differed widely from his contemporaries. He did not follow the Romantic Movement, nor did he compose providential history, or become friendly with the ideas of Social Darwinism. He followed the Continental tradition of rationalism and realism. This is probably the reason why Ranke on one hand is highly respected, on  the other hand highly criticized. I personally fully agree with his research methods and embrace the enormous contribution he made in the development of historiography and history as a discipline. Certainly his methods are still valid today and widely used, no matter what kind of history we study.

1984 Televisions Vs Telescreens Essays - Nineteen Eighty-Four

1984 Televisions Vs Telescreens 1984 Televisions Vs Telescreens TV rots the senses in the head! It kills the imagination dead! It clogs and clutters up the mind! It makes a child so dull and blind. He can no longer understand a fantasy, A fairyland! His brain becomes as soft as cheese! His powers of thinking rust and freeze! An excerpt from Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, By Roald Dahl, 1964 When George Orwell's epic novel 1984 was published in 1949 it opened the public's imagination to a future world where privacy and freedom had no meaning. The year 1984 has come and gone and we generally believe ourselves to still live in "The Land of the Free;" however, as we now move into the 21st Century changes brought about by recent advances in technology have changed the way we live forever. Although these new developments have seamed to make everyday life more enjoyable, we must be cautious of the dangers that lie behind them for it is very possible that we are in fact living in a world more similar to that of 1984 than we would like to imagine. In 1949 when Orwell's novel was published, television was a relatively new invention. Fewer than 10% of the United States households had a television set in them and at this time programming was limited to mainly news-oriented shows. Many people believed that television would never surpass radio as the chief means of mass communication; they could not have been more incorrect. Presently 98% of the households in the United States have one or more televisions in them. What once was regarded as a luxury item has become a staple appliance of the American household. Gone are the days of the three channel black and white programming of the early years; that has been replaced by digital flat screen televisions connected to satellite programming capable of receiving thousands of channels from around the world. Although televisions and television programming today differ from those of the telescreens in Orwell's 1984, we are beginning to realize that the effects of television viewing may be the same as those of the telescreens. The telescreens in 1984 served two purposes, surveillance and mind control. Unlike the televisions of our present day, the telescreens in 1984 also served as a device constantly monitoring the citizen's actions by means of an integrated camera and microphone in addition to broadcasting continuous pro Party propaganda. Setting aside the surveillance aspect of the telescreens, it is easy to see to a striking similarity between the televisions in our society and the fictional telescreens Orwell created in 1984. Numerous studies have concluded that the content and amount of television programming watched by individuals ? especially by children - has a direct result on the behavior of that individual. The behavior affected by television viewing can be anything from a desire for a certain food or material good to violent distemper (Zuckerman 1985.) Recently, more and more woman have given up their traditional role of raising their children opting instead to work during the day and leave their children to take care of themselves. Unfortunately, many children find that spending countless hours in front of the television to be a worthwhile way to entertain themselves. Most parents tell their children never to talk to strangers, but what they fail to realize is that every day their children are subject to the messages and ideas of strangers on the television. In fact, a study concluded that an average American by the age of 18 has spent more time watching television than they have spent in school; this study also went on the state that children spend more time watching television than any other activity besides sleeping. This may explain why an additional study revealed that if a child was told something by his or her parents and then viewed on television something that contradicted what the parents had said, four times out of five the child opted to believe the television over his or her parents. This may not seam like a problem if one was looking at it in terms of factual information, but when it comes to moral values we may begin to understand why our society is in the state that it is. A study conducted by MediaScope Incorporated pertaining to violence on television supported the notion that programs on television create a false perception of society and resulted with the following figures: 1. The context in which most violence is presented on television poses risks for viewers. 2. Perpetrators go unpunished in 73% of all violent scenes. 3. The negative consequences of violence are not often portrayed in

Coca Cola Essays

Coca Cola Essays Coca Cola Essay Coca Cola Essay Coca Cola is a massive transnational enterprise with the majority of the drinks market share in the UK. As a whole, the Coca- Cola Company is a Public Limited Company- However; the UK division of the business is a Private Limited Company. Coca Cola was first established in 1886 by Pharmacist John Stith Pemberton in Columbus, Georgia. The business started quite small and humble, but when the business and formula were purchased in 1889 by Asa Candler, the business expanded and grew until the business became the huge size that it is today, owning 500 brands in total, being supplied in over 200 countries. It is difficult for such a huge enterprise as Coca Cola to set aims and objectives for itself, yet an objective that they must strive for to maximise sales is to ensure this the company ensure that all employees are working to their highest standards to create the best product, in the quickest possible time to make sure that there is an ability for quick distribution. Also, a brand with such high expectation as Coca Cola must never let their standards of quality and service fall. To do this, there are strict assessments at each stage of the production of all products at Coca Cola production plants, throughout the day. When distributing any products, Coca Cola arrange with the distribution companies what standards Coca Cola expect from them. This means that the customer will always be satisfied with the product and purchase a Coca Cola product again. Coca Cola Wakefield, opened in 1989, is the largest soft drinks factory in Europe and is owned by Coca Cola Enterprise (CCE) and is a subsidiary of the Coca Cola Company, which own 5 other factories in the UK, distributing a total of 250 million cases of soft drinks per annum. Organisational Structures: An organisational Structure arranges such tasks as supervision, coordination and allocation. These structures make the business much more ordered and simpler to follow as every employee knows their place and responsibility to the business. Organisational structures are commonly drawn on an organisational chart. Organisational Structures also coordinate, control and help motivate employees toward the organizations goals. The most common business structures include functional, divisional, matrix, hierarchical and horizontal. Hierarchical Structures- A hierarchical structure, or hierarchy, is a type of structure common with most large businesses as it can take into account the chain of command from the managers right to the subordinates The structure is usually visually represented as a pyramid as there are usually few employers at the top and many employees at the foundation. Although the majority of large businesses find a hierarchical structure quite advantageous, there are numerous disadvantageous and advantages for this structure. An Advantage is that the responsible and authoritative individuals are clearly defined- this means that each employee knows where their responsibility lies and who has direct authority for themselves. Another clearly defined statement in this form of organisation is the promotion path which motivates each employee as the incentive to achieve a higher rank is clear. As hierarchy is usually split into departments, each department tends to have a strong loyalty expressed by individuals within these departments. Also this divided environment encourages the effective use of specialist managers as each department tends to specialise in a specific sector of the business. However, there can be disadvantages to this type of organisational structure. Because of the loyalty within departments in this structure, departments can make decisions which benefit them rather than the business as a whole- especially if there is rivalry across departments. The organisation can be bureaucratic and respond slowly to changing customer needs and the market within which the organisation operates. Communication across various sections and departments can be poor in a hierarchy, especially when the message is intended to be sent horizontally- this means that new ideas or problems can take weeks or months even for a resulting action to be put in place. Matrix Structures- There are three main distinctive factors that define a matrix structure- these are that there is one top manager which is responsible for the entire matrix and manages the two separate chains of command. He is the most critical individual of the entire matrix due to the very wide span of control that they are responsible for. The second factor that defines a matrix is that beneath the top manager there are two team managers. These managers, although are controlled by the top manager, are responsible for the teams at the bottom of the matrix. The advantages of a matrix structure are quite different to that of a hierarchy. Communication of knowledge is very simple and therefore quick and efficient. Another advantage is that the team resources are very flexible and specialists within this structure can be interchanged between roles very easily. This motivates and satisfies employees as it provides an opportunity for employees to pursue their skills. This advantage is also advantageous to the business because it maximises the usage of resources since changes can be incorporated quickly and effectively by simply regrouping the teams. Disadvantages are also present in matrix structures. Matrix structures may sometimes be hard to manage as everybody in the matrix reports to two separate managers with roles that must work in balance for success; this can cause confusion on who to report to on particular matters. Another disadvantage is that there can be uncertainty on authority because the dual lines imply that the proposition must be approved by both of the separate managers of the two chains of commands- if this is not done then this defeats the whole object of this type of structure. Flat Structures- In contrast to a tall organisation, a flat organisation will have relatively few layers or just one layer of management. This means that the chain of command from top to bottom is short and the span of control is wide. Due to the small number of management layers, flat organisations are often small organisations that do not have many layers to share profit capital to. For small businesses, flat structures can be quite advantageous- although the disadvantages of less structure still remain as will all sizes of business. There is usually better communication between workers as there are fewer layers to pass through. Another advantage is that, as result of the lack of bureaucracy, decision making is done much quicker than businesses with other structures. Costs will be lower than other organisational structures because there are fewer levels of management which are usually the roles that receive the highest salary. Team spirit is usually high in flat structures which motivates very effectively. Disadvantages also arise in this type of structure. This type of structure may hinder the growth of the organisation as it in limited to only Partnerships, Co-operatives and some Private Limited Companies- therefore not letting the business grow into such larger ownership types as Public Limited Companies and Franchises. Confusion on who is responsible for a worker may arise also-this is because employees may have more than one manager. Ultimately, the greatest disadvantage of having a flat structure is that the role of each person or department can become indistinct and therefore cause confusion and indecisiveness on who is responsible for what role in the business. Coca Cola – Wakefield Organisational Structure Produce Full Organisational Structure: Description of Structure- Because there is one ‘Manufacturing Ops Manager’ with a very high span of control with many employees with smaller spans of control beneath, I can tell that the structure shown Coca-Cola Wakefield hierarchical, popular with many large businesses such as Coca-Cola. Also within the structure of Coca Cola Wakefield are very long chains of command. Although long chains of commands are almost always present in such large hierarchical organisations as this one, it is disadvantageous for the business because it can cause communication to be slow and inefficient within the business- sometimes causing it to be behind other businesses. Long chains of command may also cause conflict which can hinder team spirit and therefore hinder employee productivity. Another thing that I notice in Coca Cola Wakefield’s organisational structure is that the engineering manager has a very narrow span of control- just one. This allows the Engineering Manager to communicate quickly and effectively with the employees under him/her (or subordinates) and also control his/her subordinates much more simply than such managers as the Manufacturing Ops Manager- who has a span of control of three. Although this means that the Manufacturing Ops Manager has more responsibility than the Engineering Manager, a wider span of control is advantageous to the business because wider spans of control are less costly to the business because Coca Cola Wakefield do not have to employ as many managers (a job with a higher salary than subordinates), and also because there are less layers of management for a message to cross which means that messages will be passed to the manager faster. Over the years, because Coca Cola used to be a minute business in comparison to the huge transnational Limited Company that it is today, Coca Cola’s structure must have gone from a much flatter organisational structure and progressively grown until it developed into this grand company that it is today. This is because flat structures can work very well with small-time businesses, yet the bigger the company, the more beneficial it becomes for that company to become more hierarchical. Chain of command- A chain of command is the order that the more authoritative roles (in this case the ‘Manufacturing Mgr ‘Manuf Services’) pass instructions or notices down from managerial individuals to every employee in the business. To summarize, commands flow downward along the chain of command and responsibility flows upward. From what I can observe from Coca-Cola’s chain of command, as there seems to be many managers and leaders within this business, the chain of command is very long and therefore communication, particularly from the ‘Manufacturing Mgr ‘Manuf Services’ to less significant employees such as the ‘Raw Mat Admin’, will be slow and inefficient. Also, long chains of command may also cause conflict which can hinder team spirit and therefore hinder the productivity of such employees as the Technicians. The chain of command pictured left running from the Manufacturing Ops Manager down to the Manufacturing managers to the team leaders to the shift team leaders right the way down to the technicians is an example of a chain of command present in Coca-Cola Wakefield. As previously stated, the chain of command in this business is very long and could be improved by cutting out such people as the Shift Team Leaders The chain of command in Coca Cola Wakefield is very important because it is through the chain of command that the ‘Manufacturing Ops Manager’ increases the responsibility of their subordinates such as the ‘Goods in Team Leader’ and ‘Process Shift Team Leaders’. The Chain of command is considered very important in organizations because it enhances the efficiency of the management. Ultimately, the chain of command clearly states the authoritative line from ‘Manufacturing Mgr Manuf Services’ right down to ‘Raw Mat Admin’. If this line of authority did not exist, communication would not have a set path to follow- which may cause confusion and messages not being delivered successfully. Also, the lack of a chain of command would mean that such employees as ‘Raw Mat Co-ord’ and the technicians would not know who has direct authority over them which could result in a lack of motivation, ultimately resulting in less employee productivity. â€Å"The more clear cut the chain of command, the more effective the decision making process and greater the efficiency. Military forces are an example of straight chain of command that extends in unbroken line from the top brass to ranks. Also called line of command.†

Government Discussion Question ( Essay) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Government Discussion Question ( ) - Essay Example rment to overturn any unconstitutional act by the Congress and observed that the judiciary â€Å"will always be the least dangerous to the political rights of the Constitution because it will be least in capacity to annoy or injure them†. His observation was on the basis that the judiciary has â€Å"no influence over either the sword or the purse† meaning the Court could not influence either the legislative or the executive. Agreeing with Hamilton’s views on the power of the Court, O’Brien in his analysis of the role of the Supreme Court in American democracy acknowledges limitations of the Court in the matter of policy making and bringing social change having by itself â€Å"no chance to resolve great issues of public policy†. However, he contradicts Hamilton’s contention that the Court is â€Å"least dangerous† and contends that it is no longer so. The Supreme Court, according to O’Brien, by getting increasingly activist has b ecome a â€Å"storm center† of national politics. Hamilton’s vision of a completely independent Court has not materialized and instead the judiciary has found itself acting under external pressures from the executive, legislature and the public opinion. Devoid of the power of â€Å"the sword or the purse†, the Court depends for the impact of its rulings and their influences on the policymaking on the political institutions of the country and the public opinion. The confrontations consequent upon the school desegregation ruling in the Brown v. Board of Education case (1954) is a pointer to the Court’s policymaking limitations. Hamilton’s observation that â€Å"there is no liberty if the power of judging be not separated from the legislative and executive powers† was intended to mean that people’s democratic right would be in danger if the Court does not independently act to uphold that right. The same concern is reflected in O’Brien’s argument for the Court to be an institution of prestige freeing itself from the political

Annotated bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Annotated Bibliography Example Over 1000 samples were drawn from the population under study, this being a reasonable and practical sample size for such a study. Culture is found to impact the reward preferences, such impacts not being straight forward though. The study also reveals that reward preferences may not be impacted by cultural influences alone. It is instead influenced also be factors such as economic conditions among other contextual factors. The research was conducted using data drawn from one industry alone as opposed to several industries. There is a chance that other industries could reveal different results. Also, the countries featured in the sample share certain cultural characteristics which could lead to results only practical to countries with the same characteristics. It is also noted that the results may also have been affected by the difference in importance in the various cultural dimensions. Reward variance could have been impacted by organizational factors including the size of the organization and ownership. It is important to take culture into consideration when determining the reward schemes or strategies to apply for an organization’s workforce. In addition, other factors must be taken into consideration given that it is not only culture that influences these preferences. Understanding people’s culture in a multinational environment is greatly important to the human resource manager and to the reader. The reader gets to appreciate Hofstede’s framework as it provides practical contributions with respect to culture. The reader realizes the importance of culture as a factor in rewarding employees especially when dealing with multinational companies and organizations that are served by people from of different cultural backgrounds. The audience furthermore gets to appreciate how much employee preferences affect reward management at the international

Issues Experienced While Administering Care to Patients Article

Issues Experienced While Administering Care to Patients - Article Example This essay stresses that  they specifically interviewed nurses with not only more than 3 years working experience, but also with experience in dementia patient care. They used questionnaires in addition to focus group interviews in collecting data. Additionally, the authors of the article used analytical methods in extracting issues in nursing care from the data collected from the participants regarding their facilities. The result of their interview showed that difficult ethical situations, disorderly conduct among patients as well as problems associated with organization of acute care as the main obstacle to good nursing care for dementia patients. Other issues nurses that face in connection to dementia care included responsibility for patients in addition to not only frustrations with regard to time, but also with regard to lack of organization.From this paper it is clear that  in relation to the nursing care provided for dementia patients, the article had diverse strengths. F irst, it openly elaborates on how dementia affects many people. This is evidenced by its reference of dementia as a major public problem. It then expounds on how many acute care hospitals are involved in the treatment of comorbidities. In addition to this, the article expounds on the methods that were employed in the collection of data that enhanced the success of the research. The expression of the results that was got from the data that was collected is also one of the key strengths of this article.

Complementary Therapies in UK Medicine

Complementary Therapies in UK Medicine There is an increasing use of complementary therapies and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) nowadays, and its use has steadily increased over the last ten to fifteen years in United Kingdom (UK) (Ernst and White 2000; 35). A more specifically data obtained within the UK has shown that there is a rapid increase in the use of complementary therapies and CAM with an estimated 15 million users nationwide (Andrew 2003; 337; House of Lords Select Committee 2000). It is estimated that this sector in the UK is rapidly expanding 1.6 billion pounds per annum industry, with around 60,000 practitioners, over 170 professional associations and around 5 million patients (Budd and Mills, 2000). The use of complementary therapies and CAM widely based in specific disease entities such as cancer, cystic fibrosis and asthma, in clinical settings such as obstetrical care and paediatric oncology and by international geographic locations (Yeh et al. 2000; 56). The concept of holism, which is an appreciation of the inter-relationship between body, mind and spirit, and recognition of the socio-cultural factors are fundamental to complementary therapies and medicine (Tiran 2006; 341). A number of definitions for complementary therapies and medicine have been proposed by different researchers. One of the definitions given is a broad domain of healing resource that encompasses health systems, modalities and practices and their accompany theories and beliefs, other than those intrinsic to the dominant health system of a particular society or culture in a given historical period (Snyder and Lindquist 2001; 6). According to Uzun and Tan (2004; 239), complementary therapy is defined as therapy used in conjunction with conventional therapy. Existing studies on complementary therapies and medicine focus mainly on two things. One is the focus on the specific mechanisms of actions such as particular herbal remedies, homeopathic medicines and essential oils, often with regard to assessing their safety and efficacy; the other one is focusing on specific therapies and medicine modalities such as herbal medicine, homeopathy and aromatherapy, as if they are stable or not, uniform and constant forms of health care practice (Williams 2000; 163). CURRENT ISSUES IN THE COMPLEMENTARY THERAPY AND CAM There is a steady increase in the use of complementary therapies and CAM by the general public in the last two decades (Ernst and White 2000: 32). This is parallel to their increased used in health care settings, including the UK NHS (Richardson 2001). In 1998, only 10% from 22 million visits to complementary therapy practitioners in England were though NHS contacts, highlighting a clear need for the provision of equitable and appropriate access to these services (Thomas et al. 2001; 8). Cancer patients are amongst the main users of complementary therapies in the UK, with up to a third of patients having received one or more complements therapies (Wilkinson 2002; 68). Due to the increase in demand, the UK government has commissioned a House of Lords Select Committee Report on complementary therapies (House of Lords Select Committee 2000). In order to have a clearer and better understanding of the complementary therapies, the report recognised the urgent need for the generation of high quality research evidence to support the complementary therapy and CAM use (House of Lords Select Committee 2000). The Prince of Wales Foundation for Integrated Health (FIH) has also recognised the need to combine the best of complementary therapy with conventional health care (Robert et al. 2005; 116). In order to deliver a good quality of complementary therapy, FIH has produced national guidelines for their use within the field of supportive and palliate care (FIH 2003). For application by the managers and commissioners of complementary therapy services within the field, the guidelines is used to inform service development and management, and practice development (Roberts et al. 2005; 116). REGULATIONS AND PROFESSIONAL BODIES OF COMPLEMENTARY THERAPY The number of people using complementary therapies and CAM in the K continues to grow (Thomas et al. 2001; 2). Unfortunately, a high proportion of complementary therapies and CAM practitioners in the UK are unregulated and due to the increased in demand, there is a need of certain mechanisms to protect the public against skilled practitioners (Mills 2001; 158). At present, a General Practitioner (GP) can only delegate treatment to complementary therapists, and the GP are responsible for the treatment provided and their effects (Walker and Budd 2002; 8). Two therapies which have achieved statutory self-regulation are osteopathy and chiropractors (Walker and Budd 2002: 8). Regulations and Professional Bodies of Aromatherapy Aromatherapy was introduced in the UK during 1960s and is one of the fastest growing complementary therapies with number of registered therapists increase from 2500 to 6000 between 1991 and 2000 (Walkman and Budd 2002: 13). The Aromatherapy Organisation Council (AOC) is an umbrella body represented by members from 13 established professional associations and claims to be the governing body for the aromatherapy profession in UK (AOC 2000). The AOC (2000) have welcomed and supported the findings of the select committee report, even though there is no statement stressing on the need for statutory regulation for aromatherapy but AOC will continue with their process under the Health Act 1999 towards statutory self-regulation to ensure public safety. Regulations and Professional Bodies of Osteopaths and Chiropractors The osteopathic and chiropractic professions have struggled for many years to be recognised as part of mainstream medicine (Walker and Budd 2002; 12). In May 2000, the Osteopathic Act was set up and enforced, making it a criminal offence for those who are not on the General Osteopathic Council register to call them osteopathic (GOsC 1999). On the other hand, Chiropractors Act was enforced in June 2001 and the conditions are the same as Osteopathic Act whereby those failing to join the General Chiropractic Council statutory register are considered as a criminal offense (Copland-Griffths 1999: 5). Regulations and Professional Bodies of Herbalists In 1993, the European Herbal Practitioners Association (EHPA) was formed and the Medicine Control Agency (MCA) and Department of Health have been working with EHPA on legislation aimed at protecting public safety and the rights of herbalists to prescribe herbs (Walker and Budd 2002: 12). Regulations and Professional Bodies of Acupuncturists The main regulatory body of acupuncturists in the UK is the British Acupuncture Council (BAcC) with 2200 members and was formed in 1995 (Walker and Budd 2002: 12). British Acupuncture Accreditation Board (BAAB) was also being set up and well-established for educational standard(Walker and Budd 2002: 12), and Regulation Action Group was set up too to carry out an extension consultation exercise which include regional group meetings and discussing options for regulations (BAcC 1999). WHO USES COMPLEMENTARY THERAPY AND CAM? According to the study carried out by Fox et al. (2010; 95), the prevalence rate for visits to complementary therapies practitioners in UK increased from 20% in 1998 to 27% in 2002. The practitioners most frequently visited in UK (reflexology, aromatherapy, acupuncture, chiropractic and so forth) are similar to other findings done by other researchers (MacLennan et al. 2002; 170). UK complementary therapies and CAM users are more likely to be well educated, affluent, middle-aged and employed especially those suffering from panic, anxiety and depression, and the findings are similar to international findings (Fox et al. 2010; 95). According to Risberg et al. (2004; 532), females showed more positive view towards complementary therapies and CAM than males. Consistent with the above findings of the complementary therapy and CAM, studies have found that a range of non-life threatening but long-term chronic conditions to be the most (Willison and Andrews 2004; 83). Wellman et al. (2001; 18) found that older CAM users typically presented with chronic non-life threatening conditions such as musculoskeletal problems (50%) and emotional problems (10%). Andrews (2002; 360) found that 59% of complementary therapies and CAM users were encountering musculoskeletal problem (including 11.3% for arthritis and 20% for chronic back pain) and 11% for emotional and mental health problems. On the other hand, Fautrel et al. (2002; 2438) were more specific and found use of complementary therapy and CAM on thyroid disease and arthritis. In the research carried out by Williamson et al. (2003; 25), complementary therapy and CAM users were found to use the treatments for moderate pain relief (54.8%) and in terms of general well-being, health fitness improvement purpose (45.2%) and life quality improvement (40.5%). FACTORS OF USING COMPLEMENTARY THERAPYAND CAM In the study carried out by Wellman et al. (2001), he found out that consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s pathway to use complementary therapy had consulted a physician or specialist but subsequently turned to complementary therapy and CAM because the physician or specialist failed to help them. Similarly, Andrews (2002; 361) found dissatisfaction with orthodox medicine lead them opt for complementary therapies and CAM. On the other study, both Wellman et al. (2001) and Andrews (2002; 361) concluded that advice from families members and friends influence both their choice to use CAM and which complementary therapy to select. A study conducted by Lewith et al. (2002; 104) has found that 32% of patients indicated they were currently receiving some form of complementary therapies, suggesting a trend is increasing in usage of complementary therapies over recent years. An earlier survey showed that 70% of National Health Service (NHS) Hospitals in England and Wales were offering one or more complementary therapies in the management of cancer care, with relaxation and aromatherapy being the most commonly available (Scott et al. 2005; 132). AROMATHERAPY Definition Aromatherapy involves the therapeutic use of essential plant oils and has existed for 5000 years (Barclay et al. 2006; 141). It is increasing being used in the cancer care and dermatology settings (Fellowes et al. 2004). Ways of Application Essential oils are applied to the skin by various method, such as ingested or inhaled, and they bring no harm unless it is used incorrectly (Steflitsch and Steflitsch 2008; 76). Aromatherapy massage is the most widely used complementary therapy in nursing practice (Macmillan Cancer Relief 2002). Who Uses It and Effects of Aromatherapy According to Kimber (2002; 22), aromatherapy massage helps to improve self-image during pregnancy and may aid acceptance of physical changes in mother. The relaxation effects generated also extend to the foetus (Diego et al. 2002; 404). Besides that, massage is found to be able to stimulate production of endorphins and decrease blood pressure, through its effect on the parasympathetic nervous system (Casar 2001; 11). Aromatherapy massage facilitates the absorptions of essential oils via the skin (Buckley 2002; 277), and aromatherapy is one of the primary therapy used to treat anxiety (Long et al. 2001; 182). In addition, essential oils are able to stimulate areas associated with smell in the limbic system of the brain and evidence that odours affect emotions and cognition (Alexander 2002; 54). Study conducted by (Steflitsch and Steflitsch 2008; 78) found that cancer patients receiving aromatherapy significantly improved quality of life and anxiety. According to Burns (2000; 84), an analysis of 8058 mothers who had received aromatherapy between 1989 and 1990 indicated that more than 50% of mothers found it helpful to release stress and relaxing. Ballard et al. (2002; 556) conducted a double-blind study involving dementia patients with clinically significant agitation treated with Melissa oil from eight NHS nursing homes in UK and concluded that those treated with Melissa group showed a higher significant improvement in reducing aggression than the control group by the fourth week. Besides that, aromatherapy is believed to have beneficial effect in reducing back pain and periarticular pain and Dolara et al. (2000: 357) had proven that aromatherapy exerts a strong anaesthetic effect that able to block the sodium current and thus reduce pain. Besides that, Friedman et al. (2002; 1555) concluded that essential oils have specific antibiotics and antifungal properties, and have significant beneficial effect on the urinary tract infection. BENEFITS AND OUTCOMES OF OTHER COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES AND CAM The role of complementary therapy and CAM is mainly focusing on imposing the patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s quality of life (Roberts et al. 2005; 119) which includes psychological, social, spiritual and practical (Kaasa 2000). In one cancer clinical survey of trial patients carried out by Sparbe et al. (2000; 627), respondents informed that complementary therapies helped to enhance patientsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ quality of life by improving the capability of coping with stress and decreasing the discomfort of treatments. Boon et al. (2000; 2518) found that most of the breast cancer patients use complementary therapy to boost their immune systems. Some patients claimed that complementary therapy is playing an essential role in ameliorating and curing conditions including chronic problems (Luff and Thomas 2000; 256). DRAWBACK IN THE COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES AND CAM Complementary therapies and CAM are progressively being integrated into conventional health care through their provision in the UK NHS and independent hospice movement (Macmillan Cancer Relief 2002). However, there has been little effective evidence to support these developments in UK and this suggests that most complementary therapies and CAM services development over the last 10 years were in creeping developments (Roberts et al. 2005; 117). In conjunction to this matter, there is a need for the initiation of more scientific research to investigate individual complementary therapy and CAM (Wilkinson 2002; 468). In addition, there is also a need to evaluate the effectiveness of the provision of complementary therapy and CAM as an integrated NHS service, across acute and primary care (Roberts et al. 2005; 117). Many researches have been using randomised control trials in the study of the effectiveness of the individual complementary therapy and CAM interventions (House of Lords Select Committee 2000). However, such approach does not allow for a more complex multi-dimensional analysis of the effectiveness of service provision as a whole (Roberts et al. 2005; 118). Besides that, it is also difficult to determine the effect of short-term versus long-term use of complementary and CAM therapies (Jones et al. 2010; 151). Currently there are still a limited numbers of real complementary therapy and CAM professionals (Furnhan 2002; 44). Health professionals such as doctors and nurses also highlighted their lack of knowledge on complementary therapy and CAM consumption (Salmenpera et al. 2003; 360). Physicians have been reported to be indifferent or opposed to complementary therapy and CAM uses (Risberg et al. 2004; 530). This may be due to lack of understanding by clinicians, through a lack of appropriate education and doubts about the benefits offered by complementary therapy (Corbin-Winslow and Shapiro 2002; 1178). The issue of physicianà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s emphasis on scientific evidence and their lack of understanding may contribute to the lack of effective explanation to the patients of the purpose of complementary therapy interventions (Tasaki et al. 2002; 217). CONCLUSION Aromatherapy has shown in various studies to overcome anxiety and panic, back pain, fungal and virus infection, dementia and pregnancy stress. In conjunction with this, the future clinical application of aromatherapy will probably have a place to be integrated in clinical medicine, especially in the hospitals, clinics and health care centres. However, more future research needs to be carried out in order to identify the beneficial aspect and it effects of different essential oils. This is because essential oils exhibit pharmacological, antimicrobial, physiological and psychological properties. It is a waste if there is no much research to explore the vast beneficial potentials hidden in the essential oils in order to determine its clinical potential in healing. The finding indicating physicians expressed more negative attitude towards complementary therapy and CAM compared to other health professionals such as doctors and nurses in UK is essential. This is because from this moment a better training and attitude can be provided to the physicians and other health care professionals so that they can have a better understanding on the importance and potentials of these therapies and medicine. In fact, it might also improve the understanding and cooperation between the health care professionals and the practitioners so that the practitioners can get a better confident, service and treatment from the health care professionals and physicians in the future. Besides that, quantitative and qualitative research on short-term and long-term effects of the therapies and CAM must be emphasised more in order to obtain more accurate and precise data proving the reliability, consistency and accuracy of the research. This is also to allow the public to have a wider choice in selecting the best treatment for their health.

Nelson Poynter :: essays research papers

Nelson Paul Poynter was the owner of the St. Petersburg Times, in Florida, which for years has enjoyed the reputation as one of the best newspapers in the United States. Poynter was born in 1903 in Sullivan, Ind., where his father owned several newspapers. In 1912, his father, Paul, bought the St. Petersburg Times and turned it into a family business. As a young man, Poynter began gaining experience in the newspaper business. He worked as a reporter, editor, advertising salesman and ad director at different newspapers. In 1947, when Poynter bought controlling interest in the newspaper, the Times began its rise toward excellence. He based his enterprises on "standards of ownership," defining ownership as a "sacred trust and a great privilege" in which the owner had responsibilities to the community. For Nelson Poynter, the standards meant honesty, integrity, aggressive service and financial independence. It also meant high standards for staff and management to carry out those principles. Poynter led his staff in a statewide campaign against lynching and government mismanagement, and in favor of racial integration and the development of St. Petersburg and other Counties into something more than the sleepy retirement community it for old people. His pro-development crusades included such projects as the Sunshine Skyway Bridge. After his death at 74, the newspaper advocated the construction of what is now known as Tropicana Field. Poynter also was competitive in business. In 1971, his newspaper's circulation campaign and booming growth in Pinellas County combined to surpass rival Tampa Tribune in circulation, a lead that remains today. Poynter's campaigns resulted in the newspaper's first Pulitzer Prize in 1964 for public service. The paper won five more Pulitzers, National reporting in 1980,

Religion in the Workplace Essay

People around the world have a set of beliefs whether they choose to believe in Jesus Christ or not to agnostic and gnostic, everyone has a set of beliefs which they hold on to. However the question arises on how can we practice it outside our homes specifically at work without imposing other people’s rights who may not hold to the same views as one does. How does the view of a utilitarianism, deontology, and relativism tie into this matter, and could we find a balance on both sides to come to a logical conclusion on how things could be run at a workplace. People seem to shy away when it comes to talk about religion and politics for good reason. One cannot come out of the conversation agreeing with the other side so they revert back to relativism which is a go to for some trying to avoid confrontations, but what about our rights to religious practice at work? Where does one draw the line? We were born with the freedom of choice, this includes choosing to believe in what others tell you, to listen to things etc. One can easily choose to leave the room or place, but where it gets troubling is if it takes place during a meeting and the other persons morals are founded strongly on their religious beliefs and they just might either make or break a company based on their decision or performance. Why though do we feel as if we need to have the right to express ourselves? Well as Mosser., K explains â€Å" because religion is such a basic part of a person’s self-conception, someone may feel his or her right to the free expression of religious beliefs is restricted by not being allowed to state them when and where he or she wishes.† A company may reap the blessings of a group or an individual true Christian and still not be biased to that  person only because of the good that is coming out of it. This would result in good for the greatest number of people according to a utilitarianism view. However there is another side to the coin even in the same ethical theory. Rule utilitarianism states that â€Å"allowing the majority’s religious views to be imposed on a minority does not create the greatest good for the greatest number.† (Mosser K.,) This also brings into light that people cannot be forced into something that they do not want to accept. Christianity was never meant to be forced upon people, but over the years it has been twisted to mean something other then what is true though there are those who still hold faithfully to what is right. Even at mandatory work functions one cannot force prayer or religious service on one without possibly violating state laws. Sam Grover explains â€Å" most likely any prayer or religious service that accompanies a mandatory work event or meeting would violate Title VII discrimination laws under the same reason used in Townley.† (Grover, S. 2010) The next question one could ask themselves how much is too much, when someone continuously asks to attend church or has their bible out on their office desk? Harassment has taken place in the workplace when â€Å"an employee is required or coerced to abandon, alter, or adopt a religious practice as a condition of employment† (Grover, S 2010) A person by no means base their decisions on whether a person is of the same beliefs and or style of worship to give them the greatest good even if that particular religion is the biggest in the workplace, and leave the others hanging dry. In an article written by ACLJ it speaks about prayer in the workplace as being legal, stating â€Å"In sum prayer is not illegal, unauthorized, inappropriate, nor improper – and as long as employees pray before or after working hours, or during official breaks, there should be no problem at all.† (ACLJ 2012) So the person cannot make it mandatory for anyone to participate in a religious gathering nor can they hold it against them in terms of gaining a status at a job, and make it into a utilitarian view on them. So what are the outcomes of the utilitarianism over an issue like prayer in the workplace? One can practice their religion on their own personal time as long as it does not conflict with work and can perform their duties while on the job. The greatest good that comes from this view is that all people are protected in some way or form, but we will always have those who have ethical egoism and that is what the greatest number of people are protected from in the laws that are set forth. Using the view of deontology (Golden Rule) it serves as a good foundation and rule of them to treat others. This view however when looked at and studied, that part of scripture is telling the reader not as a reactive approach, but for them to go and do unto others regardless of how they may treat them. Also, the way this view could be used and twisted is if another person from a different very radical belief thinks it is right for them to force it upon other people talking to them about it at work. No one needs to feel the stresses of a job and then put on top of that, dealing with religious views that one apposes. These laws that were put up were not only to protect the people, but also in a way for the religion. This does not in fact mean to keep going up to someone and throwing scripture at them, unless one wants to have a lawsuit against them and the company, but to be able to meet the other person half-way and realize that I might not like them pushing their beliefs down my throat either. Deontology ethics is grounded in the â€Å"Categorical Imperative† by Immanuel Kent states â€Å"The Categorical Imperative simply declares act as if thy action were to become by thy will a universal law by nature.† We should live our lives to help all mankind and that by this we write our own morals. Would we be okay with others adopting our actions and be able to live with what they do to us since we did it first unto them? If we are at a workplace and there are no regulations established on prayers in the workplace and no guidelines whatsoever set in place. Would one put their beliefs out there and start the religious movement at work by their  actions, but be able to handle and live peacefully when another religion that strongly apposes theirs comes into the picture? Is it better to just leave it at home rather than starting something that perhaps one may not be able to handle very well? Relativism works hand in hand with this issue simply because it is used as a means to get out of a discussion and end it at a peaceful ending instead of coming out of it with a reasonable answer. This only adds to the ongoing issue and cannot solve a problem in the workplace, there are those who by their faith need to pray a certain amount of numbers a day which can in turn affect their work and if given special treatment for this may cause some division amongst co-workers. With utilitarianism, deontology and relativism we see different ways on how all this could play out in the end and while trying to figure out the right decision for everyone. The laws are there to protect people from having to conform to something that they do not believe in but at the same time must meet the freedom of choice in the other persons personal views as long as it does not hinder the good standing work order. References Mosser K., Bridgeport Education Inc, 2013 Ethics and Social Responsibility Grover S., FFRF Summer 2010 http://ffrf.org/faq/state-church/item/14007-religion-in-the-workplace ACLJ 2012 http://aclj.org/workplace-rights/religious-expression-workplace http://www.allaboutphilosophy.org/deontological-ethics.htm

Appleyrad essays

Appleyrad essays At the beginning of the novel, Joan Lindsay reveals Mrs. Appleyard as an Experience woman, strong mined, respectable, reliable, seen to have control of everything, etc. She had all it was expected to be a English Headmistress. Thought the novel we can see that Mrs. Appleyard changes drastically (physical and emotional deterioration)-character development-, this is caused because of the mysterious happenings at hanging rock. The consequences of this event causes the college to loss reliability, the parents, tutors of the girls that were in this school wanted them out because they were afraid of what could happen to them of they stayed. Mrs. Appleyard tried to control the situation but she couldn't it was all ready out of her hands. The press is an important factors for the school deterioration, the press fueled the flame of gossip and rumored horrors. This nightmare remained and would not be exorcised by a sleeping pill, nor a glass of bandy This sentence means that the problem couldn't be solved easily and would follow her for the rest of her life. Other important draw back that take Mrs. Appleyard to her total deterioration is the problems with the staff of the school. Almost all the personal is resigning for many reasons. In the case on Miss Valange, she was sick of Mrs. Appleyard using Sara as her escape goat. In the case of Dora Lumley she left the school because she sad the school ruined her prestige . Minne and tom were getting married and Madame also . Other important draw back are the girls that are living the school. Irma, Miranda, Marion were the main school financial support, and none of them were coming back to school. The headmistress was very affected because of this. All her anger and depression was delivered to a particular student, Sara Wayboure. Sara was miss Appleyard escape goat Stand up straight and listen to me since you can give me no help I s...

Labor Unions in 1900 essays

Labor Unions in 1900 essays Would you have joined a Labor Union in 1900? I believe that in 1900 I would have been torn over whether or not to join a labor union. Prior to 1900, people had organized together, but they really had no clout. Even though they stood up for what they believed, in the end, the federal government always stepped in on the side of business. Oftentimes, many people were killed during the process. For example, in 1877 when the four largest railroad companies got together and decided to cut their employees salaries by ten percent, the workers struck back in defense. However, President Hayes called in federal troops. After a few weeks, the battle between the workers and the soldiers ended, but over 100 people were killed. There were also strikes by steelworkers and silver miners in 1892, in which federal troops were called in, and several people ended up dying in these incidents as well. Employers could bribe politicians, as well as hire scabs to replace the striking workers. After President Garfield was killed, politicians were forced into reforming the spoils system-giving appointed positions to loyal members of the party in power. This placed many politicians in the position of looking elsewhere for money. Therefore, they turned to where the money was-the big corporations. With campaign money coming from the big corporations, they could bribe politicians into doing what they wanted because they were donating so much money. Employers could also force workers to sign a yellow dog contract stating they would not join a union as a requirement for employment. Then, if a worker joined a union after signing this contract, the employee could be blacklisted and no other business would hire him. Many workers lived in company housing and shopped at company-owned stores. Therefore, the corporations had the upper hand. The employee had not much of a choice but to bow down to the employers demand ...

Hazard and vunerability analysis (Case) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hazard and vunerability analysis (Case) - Essay Example A terrorist wanting to target a populated area where the biggest affects could take place would choose and have chosen a largely populated area like the World Trade Center. The targets chosen by the terrorist on September 11th were vulnerable targets. Profile sectors in the community contributed to its vulnerability. The location was on the east coast and easy for those coming from the Middle East to access. The city is near water and there were only few ways to get in and out of the city. In the midst of a panic, this would make it difficult for emergency crews to get it and help. The height of the building makes it impossible to evacuate everyone in a quick and timely matter. All of these events, after being profiled are a perfect fit for a terrorist attack. The severity level was catastrophic on September 11th. Many lives were taken and the building was completely destroyed. There is no way around it; the World Trade Center was too vulnerable to an attack. There needs to be higher awareness of other areas that can have catastrophic losses from a terrorist attack. The terrorist are smart and often plan very carefully before a huge attack like September 11th. The terrorist may have been targeting D.C. as their main target. September 11th could have been used as a distraction while the other planes went to Washington D.C.. This is why it is very important to make sure that even after one event occurs, no one is safe. The enemy may also have plans in force to target another area. 2. What factors, if changed, may have pre-empted the disaster? There were factors that could have lessened the severity of the loss that occurred on September 11th. The building was easily accessible by many, it was located along the coastline, and there are few ways to get to and from the building. Circumstances like this create too much vulnerability. Vulnerability is what makes an area a target for terrorist attacks. The buildings location should send a flag up that the area is a hig hly targeted area. Being on the coastline allows the building to be accessed by anyone in the world. Because of this, the plane was able to come right off of the coast and straight into the building. When a building is that vulnerable a border patrol type security needs to be set up and able to monitor flights coming in and going out. If some sort of security was able to stop the plane first, the affects could have been lessened. Having an effective evacuation plan could have pre-empted the disaster. Buildings that are vulnerable need to make sure that there is a way to get as many people out of the building as possible. These evacuation plans need to apply to everyone in the building and enforced. Not only is an evacuation plan important, it is important for emergency response vehicle to get to and from the disaster. If a plan was in force and New York was prepared, the severity would have been lessoned. It is all about being prepared. Being prepared may not be able to stop the att ack from happening, but it can lessen the severity. It is never to late to be prepared for a disaster. Many vulnerable areas can learn a lesson from what happened and learn to prepare their selves if a similar incident happens. 3. Is there any indication that New York or Washington D.C. utilized a hazard and/or vulnerability analysis in their planning for this type of disaster? There wasn’t a strong indication that N

A Just War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

A Just War - Essay Example The power of modern means of destruction weighs very heavily in evaluating this condition. These are the traditional elements enumerated in what is called the "just war" doctrine. The evaluation of these conditions for moral legitimacy belongs to the prudential judgment of those who have responsibility for the common good. The first question the definition brings is who has "the responsibility for the common good" This is Catholic Doctrine so one would assume that the leadership of the Catholic Church is responsible for defining it for the Catholic community. The doctrine does put the responsibility on the leadership of the Catholic Church and that would be the Pope. But, the Catholic Church turns that responsibility back to the people when they ask the community to keep them informed (Catholic Answers). The Pope and the Church pass some of this responsibility to the members of the Church by educating the people of the church (using the Catechism). The idea of condoning a war would seem to be in direct conflict with many of the scriptures and teachings of the Catholic Church and the Bible. ... This gives the impression that when challenged one should not react in an aggressive manner (according to the Bible). This contradicts Catholic doctrine that allows for the evaluation of war as just or unjust. To condone war would mean acceptance, to some extent, of Catholic Doctrine over the writings of the Bible. In order to evaluate the Iraq war as just or unjust according to Catholic Doctrine (Catechism) the teachings of the Bible need to be set aside as not relevant. The Catholic Church is assumed to have evaluated it all for its congregation and given its rulings in its Catechism (like a judge interprets the law when making a ruling in a court case). Evaluating the Iraq War will be done assuming the Catholic Catechism is the law. 2. Just or Unjust War The first part of the Catechism to be examined is this: "the damage inflicted by the aggressor on the nation or community of nations must be lasting, grave, and certain."(Catholic Catechism paragraph 2309). This question challenges whether the Iraqi leadership (or the country itself) is expected to cause lasting, grave, and certain damage to the community of nations. During the first Gulf War it was evident that Iraq (the country) intended to take over Kuwait and cause great harm to Israel and any other country that was part of the coalition forces that liberated Kuwait. When the World Trade Center was bombed it was clear that it was an attack on the United Statesbut initially unclear who was responsible. The men who carried out the attacks on 9-11 were from the Middle East and were apparently funded by Osama Bin Laden. "Osama bin Laden Promises More Attacks on United States" (ABC News,

Principles of management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Principles of management - Essay Example Megan needs to find out how CAR’s competitors are managing to sell their products at a lower price than CAR. Increase in the need of research and innovation A major problem of the CAR’s products is that they are getting comparatively outdated whereas the customers are looking for latest and innovative designs and features. Change management Last but not the least, Megan needs to manage any change that she makes to deal with the aforementioned challenges so that the strategies she develops are appropriately implemented and yield favorable results. Theoretical analysis Motivation of the employees is one of the most fundamental drivers of their performance at work as well as retention (Sandhya and Kumar, 2011, p. 1778). According to the Employee Retention Model, organizations need to understand what the employees like and what they do not like in order to retain them (Howatt, n.d., p. 5). While employees differ in what they like and dislike, an organization should address the needs of the masses; the most important needs and concerns that must be addressed at priority are the ones that are common. Once things have been adjusted in the big picture, it becomes practicable and more convenient as well to address the needs and concerns of individual employees. ... on of the word competition, competition means â€Å"[r]ivalry in the market, striving for custom between those who have the same commodities to dispose of† (Newman, 1989, p. 3). In this sense, a perfect competitor actually does not do any competition. The strive for custom is the action of competing and is a dynamic process. A firm that is perfectively competitive accepts the market price passively rather than paying heed toward what the rest of the companies are doing in the industry. There is an assumption of the rivalry in the market in all cases. On the other hand, the new models of game theory visualize competition as a strategic decision-making process that is under uncertainty. These models depict the engagement of firms and people in competition. For instance, â€Å"an important aspect of competition neglected in the models of perfect competition is the public revelation of private information held by individuals† (McAfee and McMillan, 1996). Solution for Employ ee retention Megan needs to conduct a survey to obtain the employees’ views on what are their expectations from the organization, what their needs are, and what aspects of the organization are disliked by them. Apparently, the case study suggests that the biggest problem is with the sales department, so Megan should start over with the sales department first because conducting a survey of an organization with 3500 members is quite time-consuming and taxing. Megan should identify the common needs and areas of concern and do the needful to address them at the earliest. Some of the ways in which Megan might be able to easily address their needs and concerns include providing the employees with team building trainings, increasing recognition, carrying out the culture inventory of the organization, and

Gay Rights Essay Essay Example for Free

Gay Rights Essay Essay Aubri Lutz La/Lit Per. 4 Miss Gibbs 10/22/01 Should Homosexual Clubs Be Allowed On College Campus? Do you plan on attending college? College offers a plethora of opportunities to those who choose to attend. There is horseback riding club, chess club and even Pokemon club these days. However, if a person hopes to join a club based on his or her sexual preference, think again. They are not allowed on public school campuses. It is a good idea that homosexual clubs and organizations be censored. They are offensive and inappropriate. If people try to ban clubs in college based on homosexual preference, they will be closing out many other clubs to come. For example, according to the Bible study groups, The banning of homosexual clubs is a good idea, but not a logical one. It is a step backwards for our bible study clubs, it will only cause them to lash out and close down our groups, too (www.family.org). For every club out there based on sexual preference there are one hundred clubs that focus on bible study. Since bible study clubs are just as controversial as homosexual ones, they are worried that if the banning of those clubs happens, they will be next. To empower school officials to close down and ban clubs based on homosexual preference is a marvelous thought, but it empowers them to shut down appropriate clubs like the bible study groups. In addition, the Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgendered group, also the LGBT has said that, Any club/organization or school discrimination against homosexual clubs and organizations will lose funding, travel funds, meeting place and right to have a club on campus immediately (www.leaderu.com//marco). This is a comfort to the clubs of homosexuals because their rights on campuses are protected. Conversely, it is a discomfort to the clubs who do not support their ideas and ways of thinking because now they are forced to at least pretend to be supportive of those clubs. This is not sensitive to the idea that this may bring about even more tensions between organizations because of the forced pretend support. So, the organizations trying to rid college campuses of the clubs based on sexual preference need to stop and think about what other clubs they could be doing damage to first. Student-led pro homosexual groups, called gay alliances, are an on-growing  disturbance and are inappropriate to have in school. For example, gay extremists are pressuring the Trustees board to oppose other minority clubs since theirs are currently being targeted. They are threatening to, take matters into their own hands if no one steps into do anything about this. This is a dilemma because one clubs being targeted is no excuse for them to be able to discriminate against others. After all, they are upset at being discriminated against. By continuing to single out groups unlike them, they are only welcoming more upon themselves. In addition, students attending Iowa Colleges who are offended by homosexual clubs and their behaviors, have voiced their comments and been completely disregarded. One student went to the board of education and stated that, clubs that promote and praise homosexuality make me feel uncomfortable as a student in this college (www.leaderu.com/marco). His comment was totally disregarded and never brought up again. That is disturbing because the only voices being heard are those which belong to the gay groups and that is not fair. It is also a problem because students who are paying for school are not being listened to and need to be in a time of controversy like this one. People need to think long and hard about whether or not they want their college kids subjected to homosexual clubs and/or organizations. The Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgendered group is a rapidly growing group across the country. They are fighting for the rights of Lesbians Gays Bisexuals and Trangendered people. For example, the LGBT have voiced their opinions loud and clear, We are just like everyone else and deserve clubs to prove it. The struggle of the LGBT has moved to center stage since 1994, they are fighting for their individual rights on campus as well as in the classroom. Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgendered group have caused quite a stir on college campuses and that is affecting all other students learning. They need to quit. The affect it is having on bi-stander students is neither fair nor appropriate. Furthermore, We are no different than all the other student who wander this campus. Said by James Anderson, a student in Colorado. Another students first question was, Then why do you need your own club on campus? Its the LGBT population saying things like that that get other students confused. Students who do not attend homosexual clubs are forced to watch rallies in the union about things they dont  completely understand and that is not fair to them. People who choose to attend college do not need to be subjected to this whole ordeal, it should be fought somewhere besides school campuses. Clubs that applaud sexual preference and behavior are unnecessary on public school campuses. These sexual preference based organizations only cause strife and confusion for students. Since these clubs are only applicable to a small minority population of students, they are hard to support and condone; this causes tense situations.

Comparing UK Environment Law and Malaysia Environment Law

Comparing UK Environment Law and Malaysia Environment Law Introduction For centuries, we have been focused on industrialisation. We focus on how to make our life more comfortable and convenient, focus on economic development and have become addicted to the competition among ourselves. This dissertations primary focus is the contrast that exists between environment law operating in England and Malaysia. Similar to the other areas of law, environment law is a mix of primary legislation, secondary legislation, with a number of reports and policies. However, it is different in the sense that the aim is not always to punish or compensate the parties involved. The law is used to achieve the statutory objective which is to protect the environment as a whole to achieve sustainable development.[1] Most of us would think that environmental law is used to eliminate the pollution discharged into air, land and water. This, however, is not an accurate statement, since the key function of law is to act as a bridge between the polluting emission generated by economic activity and the publics tolerance of a healthy environment. There are 6 chapters in this dissertation. This chapter focuses on the historical background of Environmental Law in England and Malaysia. The evolution and the sources of Environmental Law will be discussed. Regarding the Environmental Law in England, the law evolved faster than the law in Malaysia. The other discussions will focus on the organisation of the enforcement agency in both jurisdictions, with external dependency relationships such as European Union (EU) and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), with sanctions available if the regulators decide to prosecute and the existence of a specialised Environmental Court or tribunal. The dissertation aims to provide a framework of how the Environment Law in England and Malaysia are being enforced. By comparing both the enforcement of Environmental Law in England and Malaysia, whether either the regulation in England or the regulation in Malaysia is more effective in regulating polluting discharges can be shown. More impor tantly, this analysis can show which parts of the law they can learn from each other. Comparative law research increases the lawyers ability both to understand and to indirectly manage the legal system.[2] Historical Background of Environmental Law in England The earliest environmental legislation did not focus on environmental problems. Rather, it concentrated on public health aspects of pollution and housing.[3]An example is R v Secretary of State ex parte Duffridge which relates to a risk of illness due to radiation from high voltage electricity.[4]One of the landmark legislations is the Town and Country Planning Act 1947. The act itself was not specifically designed to deal with environmental matters. Rather, it provides a legal framework for the discretionary power of control which can be used for any purpose relating to land use. It was confirmed in Stringer v Minister of Housing[5]. Indeed, at that time, the concern of the legislators was with the economic development. It was only in the mid-1950s that legislators displayed any interest in the environment, by establishing the green belt policy. Silent Spring which was published by Rachel Carson, a biologist, in 1962, brought public attention to environmental matters.[6] She attacked the single-minded technological process with high economic value and warned that pesticides would endanger many species, especially birds. She argued that nature has irreplaceable value irrespective of human interests. During the 1970s, fears of technology getting out of control and overpopulation were finally being spoken about. Irvine and Ponton argued that the earths natural resources would be used up if the industrial and population growth continued. Pollution would lead to serious climate change[7]. Therefore, changes had to be made. Before April 1991, the pollution in the United Kingdom was regulated in three distinct control regimes, which are classified by the environmental media as air, land and water. At that time, the legislations fell into two categories. The first category concentrated on specific problems. The examples are The Clean Air Acts 1956, the Litter Act 1983 and the Water Act 1989. The second category originated from the Control of Pollution Act 1974 which dealt with waste, water pollution and atmosphere pollution separately. It recognised that there was a need to control the environmental matter as a whole and improve environmental awareness. However, this lacked the ability to harmonise pollution control mechanisms. A new statute, the Environmental protection Act 1990 (EPA 1990), was created. It was concerned exclusively with pollution regulation and attempts to control pollution that was released by industry into all media through Integrated Pollution Control (IPC). IPC regulates most of the heavy industrial processes. Besides, at that time, the Government also showed their intention to create a new regulatory authority which would have the responsibility to consider environmental matters as a whole bringing, together all the regulatory documents. In order to achieve this aim, the government enacted the Environment Act 1995 (EA 1995) which is still effective now, to establish the Environment Agency (EA). Before the Environment Agency was created, the obligations of environmental protection and controlling pollution was split across a number of bodies, namely Her Majestys Inspectorate of Pollution (HMIP), the National Rivers Authority (NRA), the Waste Regulation Authorities (WRAs) and the local authorities. Each of these exercised control under different statutory provisions. HMIP was created in 1987 to replace the Industrial Air Pollution Inspectorate and the Radiochemical, the Hazardous Waste and Water Inspectorates of the Department of Environment (DoE). Its principal roles were to provide a centralised system to regulate the pollutions through IPC which was established under EPA 1990. It was part of the DoE and operated on a regional basis. Unlike HMIP, NRA was created in 1989 under the Water Act 1989 as an independent public body. It was responsible for regulating water pollution, water resources, flood defence and fisheries. The NRA was regarded by many as a strong regulator, wi lling to prosecute if necessary.[8] Under EPA 1990, local authorities were appointed as WRAs to enforce the provisions relating to waste management and waste licensing systems. However, there was always a conflict of power between these three agencies.[9] The most obvious example is the conflict between HMIP and NRA. As HMIP was responsible for the regulation of pollution through IPC, it was responsible for air, land and water pollution. However, NRA was responsible for regulating water pollution. Therefore, there was a need to create a unified regulation body to control the discharges of pollution into the environment as a whole. Another reason was that the system of control was too complex because there were three agencies and overlapping controls. There was a need to simplify that. Therefore, the government created the EA to regulate the environmental matters. The role of this agency will be discussed in the next chapter. Historical Background of Environmental Law in Malaysia As in most of the countries, the early form of law related to the environment in Malaysia was not designed to address environmental problems. The general quoted legislation which impeded environmental problems was the Water Enactments in 1920. Other examples of the law which related to environmental control included the F.M.S. Forest Enactment 1934, the Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1952, the Land Conservation Act 1960 and the Fisheries Act 1963. Nevertheless, during the period of Strait Settlements[10], some ordinaries related to environment regulations have been designed. One of the examples is the Settlement Ordinance No.3 of 1894 which was drafted to protect certain species of wild birds. It was considered that these laws were enacted to solve certain problems which were prominent during that period. They were not designed to address the environmental problems. Instead, the focus was on nature, and its preservation, with a key interest in this particular area alone. Therefore, we c an see that during that time, not much focus was put on environmental protections, and there was a clear lack of foresight. Developing countries such as Malaysia started to pay more attention to environmental problems during the 1970s, especially after the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment which took place in 1972. Following the Conference, Malaysia introduced the Environmental Quality Act 1974 (EQA 1974) which forms the basis for environmental law and environmental policies. Also this established the first important policy directive as is now implemented through the Third Malaysia Plan[11]. Since then, a lot of mechanisms (administrative and executive) such as the National Water Services Commission and Solid Waste Management Corporation have been established to implement the environmental laws and policies. Apart from that, different statutes such as the Fisheries Act 1985 and National Forestry Act 1984 have been enacted to manage and conserve the environment. The distribution of legislative power results in both the federal and state governments competency to deal with environmental matters. This coincidence is also the reason why there are several agencies which deal with environmental matters at all levels of government. Therefore, environmental legislation in Malaysia is said to take a piecemeal approach.[12] This is one of the problems that has been introduced by Kylie. Another two main factors which characterise the environmental legislation in Malaysia are the desire of ex-Prime Minister Mahathir to champion the interests of the non-western nation in an internati onal forum and the need to balance environmental protection with the national imperatives of economic development. In the late 1980s, Mahathir became known as he suggested linking the considerations of environmental issues with development issues. He particularly blames western nations trying to shift the blame of the environment for the state onto developing countries and at the same time, slowing down the development of developing countries. Under his leadership, Malaysia played a main role in environmental diplomacy.[13] In April 1992, 55 ministers of developing countries signed the Kuala Lumpur Declaration on Environment and Development to pledge a common position at the Earth Summit which was held during the following month.[14] Nowadays, the Kuala Lumpur declaration is a critical element involved in the discussion of environmental problems by governments. Section 4 of the declaration states that economic development is a fundamental right of all peoples and countries. One of the main points of this Declaration is that forest ecosystems have been declared to be national patrimony[15] which is managed by national policies within the exercise of sovereignty powers[16]. In addition, under s.14 of the Declaration, technology should be transferred to developing countries as preferential and concessional. New and additional funding should also be made available by developed countries to developing countries. One thing that should be noticed is although Mahathirs thought on linking the consideration of environmental issues and development issues has an important impact on Malaysias foreign policies, in general, international agencies and western nations disagree with it.[17] Regarding the conflict between environmental protection and developmental issues, logging is a good example. In the Sixth Malaysian Plan, the government broadened the concept of sustainable development[18] and therefore the licensing of the wholesale of logging is consistent with the concept of environmental protection which is stated in the Kuala Lumpur Declaration. It is thought that logging offers thousands of jobs to the country, but western environmentalists criticise Malaysia regarding deforestation practises. For example, Swiss rainforest activist Bruno Manser helped to organise the Penan, who are the indigenous peoples live in the jungles. Mahathir has written a letter to Manser and condemned them, stating that he had no rights to harm the Penan and to decide the fate of the others[19]. Last but not least, the environmental administration is rather complex as the power is distributed between federal and state governments. The Federal Constitution is the supreme law in the country and any law which is inconsistent with it is void. The division of power of federal and state government is listed in the Ninth Schedule of the Constitution which is known as the Federal List, the State List and the Concurrent List. The State List lists the areas where state governments have the power to make law, while the Federal List lists the area where the federal government can make laws. On the one hand, the Concurrent List describes the areas where the state or the federal governments can create new laws. On the other hand, although land is a state matter, Parliament is allowed to make laws. The reason given is that matters relating to law and policies of land need to uniform the law and policies between states and the federals. The constitutional legislation therefore gives both fe deral and state governments power to deal with environmental matters and this results in the existence of various agencies. The example here is the Department of Fisheries, a federal department, which has the power to administrate Marine Park. Although the federal government has control of the water, the island is under the control of the state government. This leads to examples where land is used for a purpose which is incompatible with the use of the surrounded Marine Park. [1] S.1(1) Environmental Act 1995 [2]Jan Darpo and Annika Nilsson, On the Comparison of Environmental Law [2010] 3(1) Journal of Court Innovation 315 [3]John Alder and David Wilkinson, Environmental Law Ethics (Macmillan Press Ltd 1999) 14 [4] R v Secretary of State ex parte Duddridge [1995] Env LR 151 [5] Stringer v Minister of Housing [1971] WLR 1281 [6]Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (1st edn, Houghton Mifflin 1962) [7]Irvine Sandy and Ponton Alex, Green Manifesto: Policies for a Green Future (Macdonald Optima 1989) [8]Irvine Sandy and Ponton Alex, Green Manifesto: Policies for a Green Future (Macdonald Optima 1989) [9]Neil Stanley and Susan Wolf, Wolf and Stanley on Environmental Law (6th edn, Routledge 2014) 31 [10] Group of British territories located in Southeast Asia. [11]JabatanPerdanaMenteri,UnitPemodenanTadbirandanPerancanganPengurusan, Malaysia, Third Malaysia Plan 1976-1980 (Jabatan Percetakan Negara 1976) [12]Kylie Elston and Greg Bankoff, Environmental Regulation in Malaysia and Singapore (University of Western Australia Press 1994) [13]Mahathir Mohammad, Statement to the UN Conference on Environment and Development [1992] 22(4) Environment Policy and Law [14]David Humphreys, Forest Politics: The Evolution of International Cooperation (Routledge 2013) 101 [15] A national with non-monetary wealth or reserves such as its national monuments, cuisine, and artistic heritage [16]S. 15 Kuala Lumpur Declaration on Environment and Development [17]Kylie Elston and Greg Bankoff, Environmental Regulation in Malaysia and Singapore (University of Western Australia Press 1994) [18] Organising principle for meeting human development goals while at the same time sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services upon which the economy and society depends [19]Doug Tsuruoka, The Pen and the Saw [1992] Far Eastern Economic Review